Nobel Prize Winner’s Talk

REPORT Nobel Prize Winner's Talk (A New Kilogram Next Year) Main Speaker: Nobel Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing Lecture Topic: â€Å"A New Kilogram Next Year – How my Nobel Prize Contributed to this Development Date: Tuesday 2nd October, 2018 TIME: 6pm VENUE: JFK Lecture Theatre, UWI Immediately upon being invited to the event I was unbelievably excited. It made me feel like this vast world suddenly became smaller and things that seemed unreachable became all the more possible and all the dreams that could ever be dreamt could be truly actualized. Of course getting credit for attending was just a plus, but having such a once in a lifetime opportunity, to hear from one of the Rock stars of the scientific world definitely could not be missed. They say that great leaders once had great mentors and that to be the best, you have to learn from the best. As such, hearing from one of the greatest minds in the world could not be passed. I had to know the secrets of his lifetime adventure. As I proceeded to the JFK Lecture Theatre, the surreal sunset and cool breezes brought an air of expectancy and anticipation. Located outside was a distribution table where we received additional reading resources. Upon receiving them, I walked inside not knowing what lay in the minutes ahead. The seminar, I found out, was hosted by CARISCIENCE (The network of Research and Development Institutions in the Basic Sciences in the Caribbean), in conjunction with the German Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation, The Faculty of Science and Technology of the UWI, the University of Trinidad and Tobago and the University of the Southern Caribbean. This, I believed to be very commendable, having all the collegiate institutions coming together for a common purpose. This should be the goal of every individual, organization and the global community as a whole. The event launched the annual CARISCIENCE Nobel Laureate Lecture Series and this year they invited Noble Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1985, for his discovery that under the appropriate conditions the resistance offered by an electrical conductor is quantized; that is, it varies by discrete steps rather than smoothly and continuously. The lecture was moderated by Dr. Richard Taylor, while the opening remarks were given by Professor Dyer Narinesingh; the President of CARISCIENCE. He did elaborate on the goals and vision of the organization which included; a singular Caribbean intellectual space which encourages problem solving and converting knowledge into wealth creation. He also mentioned that they set out to foster collaboration with international affiliates which would expose stakeholders to relevant equipment, methods and technologies and henceforth be a voice for the Caribbean region. He also drew reference to Loreal's vision : Diversity + Inclusion = Innovation The objectives of the organization seemed relevant and highly necessary to facilitate the ongoing progress being made within the region. To create a competitive, highly innovative, critically minded workforce to create a name and competitive edge for our Caribbean citizenry. He ended with the notion that â€Å"it cannot be business as usual† if we are to continue to harness the potential of young minds in this time. The Welcome Address was then presented by Professor Indar Ramnarine, who encouraged â€Å"impactful research that should reshape the boundaries of your fields.† I found this highly motivating as we seek to be world changers in this age. Not only to occupy space but to make a distinct dent in our respective fields and make full use of the time allotted us, to better humanity. He also stated that, â€Å"It is not only possible to understand the intricacies of the world but also to improve it.† Ah yes, our vision should indeed be: to identify the problem, gauge the solution, implement the solution and continue to improve the solution. The Introduction of the Speaker was performed by Dr. Brian Cockburn, who articulated a summary of the career paths and accomplishments of Professor Klitzing. This only sought to inspire me more on this journey to think bigger and dream larger. As soon as the Nobel Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing commandeered the stage, instantly the fires of passion that burnt ever so brightly oh so many years ago, was distinctly evident, burning just as intensely even at this age. This jovial character, was clearly thrilled to be speaking about his life's work and the opportunities it still presented him today, in being able to visit the Caribbean. I immediately could not help thinking, wow, I hope at the closing end of my life, I still feel such passion, fervor and irradiate such vibrancy about the things that excite my soul. Not only was he surprisingly pleasant but his speaking skills were far from boring, as he carried us on the journey with him through the process of the discovery day, to giving us the information that we could indeed buy ourselves our own Noble Prize, however, in so doing not be privy to the elaborate â€Å"Hogwart-esque† feast they had to attend. It definitely seemed like something out of a storybook. He also mentioned the ages of the new Noble Prize winners for Physics this year, with Arthur Ashkin being 97 years and Gà ©rard Mourou being 76 years. Absolutely incredible! This just proves that age is just a number and that we should never let something like age stop us from achieving our full potential. This is a continuous learning process and Life is indeed the teacher. It demonstrates perseverance, diligence and discipline to the highest degree and there is lot to be learnt from their immense persistence to the task. (#whatisretirement?) As he proceeded to his topic â€Å"A New Kilogram Next Year – How My Noble Prize Contributed to this Development†, he explained how the initial constant was acquired. The Kilogram (kg), the basic unit off mass in the metric system and was considered equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder (Big K), kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures laboratory at Sà ¨vres, France. The accuracy of every measurement of mass or weight worldwide, whether in pounds and ounces or milligrams and metric tons, depends on how closely the reference masses used in those measurements can be linked to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK). The most minuscule of accuracy discrepancies would have tremendous impact in fields such as medicine, engineering and electronics, which are dependent on precise measurements. Consequently, it effects other phenomena like force, energy and luminous energy, which use it as fundamental building blocks for measurement. It has been identified that the cylinder is indeed changing in measurement due to gas initially used in its creation and is now slowly seeping out of the cylinder, consequently changing its dimensions making it an unreliable standard for measurement. To facilitate this, a drastic change had to be made and as such in November 2018, the international scientific community plans to redefine the kilogram by basing it instead on a constant of nature, making it a profound moment in the history of measurement. Thus, since the kilogram remains the only SI unit represented by an unstable artifact, the redefinition included expressing the kilogram in terms of Planck's constant, which would aid in avoiding future problems. Firstly, physicists required an accurate measure of Planck's constant which is the quantum-mechanical number that relates how a particle's energy relates to its frequency and through E = mc^2, to its mass. Thus once a fixed value is achieved to Planck's constant, a new definition of the kilogram can be derived. In order to measure Planck's constant precisely, two experiments are being conducted. One known as the Avogadro Project, involves counting the number of atoms in two spheres of silicon that each have the same weight as the Big K. Having obtained this number, the precise number of atoms comprising a particular substance, researchers can calculate Avogadro's constant, convert it for a value for Planck's constant and relate the kilogram to atomic mass. The second experiment uses an instrument called a watt (or Kibble) balance, which is a type of scale, that produces a value for Planck's constant by measuring a one-kilogram test mass, which is calibrated by using Big K, against electromagnetic forces. Planck's constant is proportional to the amount of electromagnetic energy required to balance the mass. Two differing universal constants are used in order to calculate the current and voltage that make up the electromagnetic force. The Josephson constant and von Klitzing constant are used. (Yes I got to meet one of the only two living remaining constants!!! I felt truly blessed.) The discovery of the von Klitzing constant, is part of the Quantum Hall Effect, which earned Professor von Klitzing, his Nobel Prize. While he worked at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, experiments conducted led to observations of the effect of magnetic fields applied to semiconductors allowed to cool to extremely low temperatures. This led to the discovery that electrical resistance rose stepwise, rather than smoothly and continuously, indicating an integer fraction of a specific number, 25,812.807 ohms, now identified as the von Klitzing constant. Thus, the Quantum Hall Effect is now used worldwide for calibrating electrical resistances and the von Klitzing constant is utilized by the scientific community to measure current in a watt balance. Essentially, the fundamental constants can aid in establishing possible units that can retain their significance for lifetimes and species to come, through the Quantum Hall Effect. Additionally, we were rest assured that the new kilogram will be defined in such a way that nothing will change in our daily life. It will be indeed more stable and more universal. Granted that as Henry Marks stated, â€Å"Science is measurement. Everything you measure is expressed in units,† this was definitely a plus. He continued by explaining who decides the best definition of the SI Unit, which comprises of diplomats from sixty member states and forty-four associate states, at the General Conference on Weights and Measurements. The most recent having occurred in August 2018, based discussions to adapt a resolution that would replace the current SI, with the revised SI, provided the amount of data uncertainties pertaining to the current standard. The precondition for the new kilogram must be reliable, as well as have an uncertainty smaller than fifty micrometers. This stipulation was fulfilled in July 2017, and as such would be finalized at the next conference which is to take place in November 2018. Finally, he noted that the best values of fundamental constants, (h, e, c Kb, Na) creates the most stable basis for the new system of units and hopefully by the next General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2018, will be the replacement for the present SI System. The Professor, was also sure to reinforce the need as scientists to question continuously. Question nature and the way things work. Question the problems posed to you. Question what you understand and what you want to solve. He emphasized the need to always stay curious and always gain inspiration from other subject matter, which would bring new perspectives and ideas to trains of thought. He also asked several questions that he left up to us to solve. They included:Are fundamental constants really constant?How do they change due to cosmic radiation, global warming, with time?Are there other fundamental constants in the universe?What happens if you combine other fundamental constants? (with regard to velocity of sound/gases and temperature)What impact does the Quantum Hall Effect have on living cells?Opinion of the role and future of physics in life Physics is the cornerstone of life and everything surrounding it. Every basic principle rests on the foundation of Physics (of course this is me being highly biased). It involves the study of matter, energy and their interactions and other sciences are dependent on its theories to further develop their own and improve the quality of life. I do believe we have the upper hand as physicists and a greater responsibility to society to find answers to the most fundamental questions in life. To explain why the world work as it does and to provide adequate, substantial, mathematically correct evidence to question the bases of such thought. Physicists perceive beyond the normal realm and consider factors outside regular streams of thinking and are then conditioned to think outside the non-existent box. This will prove ideal to the future of Physics in this society, as we break down to the fundamental backbone of structures and understand how they function, how they can be improved and how they can be manipulated by variables. This skill is essential for countless applications and is necessary for continued development in any sector. Technological advances can occur due to the discovery of new particles, forces and structures in the subatomic world. There would also be enhanced computational and calculation power causing extraordinary leaps and bounds unfathomable before. With this would also bring the onslaught of artificial intelligence integrated lifestyles to the common man, allowing multipurpose use. Not to mention the development of quantum artificial intelligence if large-scale computing is actualized. Vast use of computers and electronics would lead to even more advanced medical breakthroughs with prosthetics, which would enhance the human experience and even possible come to define consciousness in terms of nature's fundamental forces. Additionally with the exponential advancement in space technology, conditioning for studying and visiting the cosmos would seem closer to realization, even as space transport is made more readily accessible. Physics is indeed a driving force into a very futuristic ideal, expanding space and time, and blazing the trail for the reorientation of the human mind. Cheers to the future of Physics!

Law Enforcement Essay

Policing as historically been a reactive enterprise. Law enforcement efforts are focused on responding to citizen request for service. Policing at the state and local level is structured to meet the demands for service. Ideas such as community policing as well as problem oriented policing have attempted to move policing into a proactive, future-oriented process. Policing will be greatly impacted by the rapid changing cultural dynamics of our communities. The most significant trend will continue to be the utilization of technology to law enforcement manifest in nearly every aspect of policing. The technology we currently have helped solve many crimes, prevent crimes, and facilitate crimes that have yet to be committed. The quick growth of technology continues to increase the weakness and fear, giving criminals new ways to commit crimes and police new tools to stop them. As neighborhood as well as drug crimes has slowed down a new wave of crime such as terrorism, internet as well as hacker crimes as taken the fore front. The tech savvy generation that is now emerging, will become even more tech crime knowledgeable. Law enforcement agencies will be dealing with smarter criminals. As police agencies make basic changes in gathering, accessing, communicating, as well as sharing information. Police administration will be at the center of system development and management. Technology will establish a very quick changing social environment to which law enforcement officers will have to adjust. This could lead to law enforcement officers who are not accustomed with or who cannot grip technology use to have to retire before their time or be passed up for any promotions. Technology will grant essential policing methods, structure, as well as process that law enforcement will have to create, incorporate, as well as learn. The twenty-first century has put policing into a whole new milieu one, in which the causes of crime often lie outside the immediate community, demanding new as well as innovative approaches from law enforcement. Law enforcement has been issue video cameras as well as other great technology to help them surveillance high crime areas in the communities. The decrease is cost and the increase in quality of technology in surveillance cameras, accompanied with a greater public acceptance of street surveillance, will push the trend towards more cameras. Though possibly the trend has subside, the public has become tolerant of privacy because of what happen on the 2001 terrorist attacks as well as following terrorist efforts made police realize that they need to understand the foundation in communities. There are a number of things that can affect the future of policing. It can be seen as a negative or a positive. Future policing in part will rely upon on the kind of society being policed as well as the social, economic and political realities. Policing has been seen as a slow-to-change subculture because of how fast technology continues to rotate. It is difficult to image how law enforcement will be able to cope with the emerging complexity of combating terrorism as well as internet crimes. While at the same time, trying to keep crime at a low rate in the communities. The possibility that law enforcement officers will not be able to keep up with the change of time of terrorism, cybercrime, technology was seen as the top leading serious threat. Another foreseen danger in the eyes of law enforcement is the misuse of power as well as abuse of authority by the men and women in charge. Aggressive policing and racial profiling could undermine the public trust with law enforcement officers. Unqualified law enforcement lacking leadership or a sense of public service also poses a very large threat to police. The threat is police enforcing the law as well as providing service that is managed by unqualified or under qualified person in control. Leadership occupies an important role towards the success or failure of every organization. Police performance affects by policing because of the lack of police on the force verses the high number of police that was in the past. This affects the number of police that is out protecting the community, stopping the high volume of crime we face today as well as the future ahead. Law enforcement agencies will have to adapt as well as change quickly, embrace technology and analyze emerging trends in communities. Another issue that can affect policing in the future is funding. Without the funding we would not be able to keep up with the hi-tech criminals if we cannot afford the equipment we need to keep up with them and stop them from committing these types of crimes. Most law nforcement department budgets are not big enough to get the latest equipment to fight crime as well as be unable to service the community fully. Some of the technology may seem like an invasion of privacy that can lead to a lawsuit but this type of technology can help fight crime. The changes that need to be made to effectively address these critical issues Officers need more extended training and yearly workshops to keep them up to date on the latest crimes of criminals to deter them from continuing the crimes weather there street crimes or cybercrimes. Reorganizing the way they fight crime can help them out a lot. Cooperation of law enforcement of all levels along with coordination with other agencies will be necessary to deal with crime that crosses jurisdiction. Internet crimes and offenses as well as terrorism are examples of such. Local police need to be more aware of what happen on and around their beat, the more they are aware the less bad things can happen in the community they patrol. They can keep the public safe and at peace. Law enforcement needs a bigger budget, to get all the latest equipment to keep up with the hi-tech criminal. This funding will help in the capture of the criminal who uses technology to commit crimes. It is believe that the added high tech spyware as well as the increase in surveillance can greatly help out other law enforcement departments as well as homeland security if necessary. Excellent technological knowledge, great educated and trained officers as well as leaders, and better community ties were seen by most as the significant promises in the future of policing. If there is a willingness of law enforcement agencies to work together, communicate, and share information with all jurisdictions and levels of government it would be a better working relationship that can benefit everyone. Great partnership with the community, improved technology, and ethical, educated employees is a good way to start for a policing future. You need to build relationships in order to build power to fight the crime and terrorism. It would be a more productive fight against crime if everyone was on the same page.

Media politics and intercention

Edward Bernays made important works in the field of public relation. His thoughts and views were pessimistic. It was clearly manifested in his theory that man must be controlled in order to attain democracy. He was known to be a follower of his uncle (Sigmund Freud). Freud’s ideas on man’s behavior were supported by Bernays. His works were greatly appreciated by critics. His outlooks also change traditional views on things such food and perception of women. Amusingly, he plays a vital role in the mass sales of cigarettes in the United States. Nowadays, Bernays’ theories have been applied in various political movements in gaining and achieving profit and power.   Moreover, his theories have great impact on American business because it deals mainly on acquiring profits. US administrations used Freud’s and Bernays’ political concepts to â€Å"exploit the subconscious factors that infuse fear and paranoia among the masses†¦ all in the name of democracy (Baroud, 2007).† Anti and pros are everywhere. Anti-democratic groups have made their leap to denounce democratic insights and perceptions. Anti-democratic movements were discontented about democratic advocates’ visions and objectives. Furthermore, Bernays’ influence is still gained its rewards. Without his ideas the concept of democracy, consumer citizenship and political states and all other aspects of politics were not yet unveiled up to now. Summary of The Convenience Denial A controversy on a CNN has been attached to it when a CNN’s new operators made some denial on the â€Å"liberal media† issue.   In addition to this, a former CNN executive made some defense on â€Å"War made Easy† film which seems to be the talk of the town during its release. Also Eason Jordan, CNN News chief executive made some boastful remarks about the network’s structure of professional military expertise. Eason Jordan was the executive during the extensive invasion US troops in Iraq. In line with Jordan’s comments, Inter Press released statements saying that his comment would surely â€Å"infuriate any veteran reporter who upholds the most basic and important tenet of journalistic profession: independence (Solomon, 2007).† Jordan was also criticized by his subordinate, Christina Davidson in connection to Jordan’s criticism on â€Å"War made Easy†. War made Easy is actually a film which gives the idea that â€Å"all of the cable networks were actively complicit in promoting the†Ã¢â‚¬â€the result of chronic biases rather than â€Å"journalistic laziness (Solomon, 2007).† CNN is known to be a form of â€Å"liberal media†. Jordan was accused of supporting Baghdad Government and even after the fall of Saddam Hussein. One important insight here is that â€Å"Often journalists blame government for the failure of the journalist to do independent reporting- we may be the news media, but we’re on the same side and the same page as the Pentagon (Solomon, 2007).† Reference: Baroud, Ramzy. The Art of War, Democracy and Public Relations. Retrieved September 26, 2007   Ã‚  from http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18221.htm Solomon, Norman. The Convenience Denial. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18203.htm               

Library research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library research - Essay Example WoK provides bibliographic content as well as online tools for accessing, analyzing and managing information resources, wherein the search function can be perform simultaneously within multiple databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, 2005) Nexis is a Website which offers resources from thousands of news organizations, intelligence reports in the company and industry levels, reference and bibliographic sources, and intellectual property and public records, as well as legislations and regulations filings and legal resources. Information provided by Nexis apply to the accounting, academic, corporate, government, law enforcement, legal and risk management context (LexisNexis UK, 2011). Full text databases are those in which the complete content of the source of information is provided. For example, if the source is a dissertation, the complete material is provided and not just the abstract or a condensed version of the dissertation (Gravetter and Forzano, 2009). A citation database is a repository of bibliographic citations which enables a researcher to locate and get details about a certain work such as author, title, publisher, date, volume number, issue number, and number of pages (Benedictine University, 2006). The factors to be considered when evaluating a Web source include: (1) authoritativeness and authenticity, which may be verified from the URL or the source of information and the credentials of the person / organization publishing the content; (2) reliability of information, where editorial and referencing procedures and the basis of the information are the best validators; (3) content, which may be compared from similar Web pages for notable omissions and other indicators of accuracy of information (Ely and Scott, 2007; Donyai, 2009). As a rule of thumb, if a statement or a fact is not common knowledge, or if the researcher is unsure, it is best to cite the source of the information (Marquez, 2011).

History and Political Science; A Response to Historical Cases Essay

History and Political Science; A Response to Historical Cases - Essay Example Of particular interest is to understand the implications of the Pericles’ oration (Thucydides 34) with respect to what is known of Athens. In evaluating Pericles’ speech, it is imperative to decipher the underpinning points in the speech, as depicted by Thucydides (pp 34-46). First, Pericles begins by acknowledging the need to hold ceremonies for those who dead for the country. He proceeds to assert that all that had happened was necessary. He was in line with the law, as well as the democracy requirements. In elucidating his point, he pays tribute to the ancestors, acknowledging them for creating a worth-celebrating history for the Athenians. He cites how the empire and its possession would have been without the sacrifice of the ancestors and that it was only justified for him to uphold the legacy. Pericles presents Athens as exceptional, in terms of its laws, justice, social equality, mobility and inclusivity of migrants, and that everyone had an equal opportunity to serve the nation. The aspect of Athens to offer social refreshment, such as games is not also overlooked. He affirms Athenian determination to shun all the challenges, as well as respecting the neighbors. He eventually justifies the point that the fallen men should not be the cause of any consolation. Instead, such a point brings comfort to the Athenian community. The crucial question is whether Pericles’ insight holds any validity. In particular, does Athens fit into the doctrine of exceptionalism, as presented? Moreover, is Pericles’ point about the fallen justified? In my view, whereas there are certain aspects of exceptionalism that could be justified about the historical Athenian society, others cannot. For instance, it is agreeable that the ancestors had a crucial role in creating history for posterity, considering that imperialism was the order of the time. The affirmation of respect of law and democracy also reflect the historical nature of Athens. This is beca use Athens historical government is widely cited as the mother or even the correlate of the sophisticated and desired contemporary democracy. Indeed, one avenue of viewing at Pericles’ forefather reference could act as a base the role which Athens played in Greek history. Perhaps he was referring to the growth of the government of Athens as well as the role which the forefathers played. Pericles next statement is that the city of Athens was great and served as a symbol of inspiration as the pioneer of true democracy (Halsall 39). Thucydides uses parallelism whereby Pericles talks of Athenian s’ reputation compared to other armed forces, as well as the Athenian self belief. However, the theme of imperialism cannot be left out of his speech. One questions whether this could also be an aspect of exceptionalism. Doesn’t it contravene the affirmation to respect the autonomy of the neighbors? I infer that whereas Pericles stand reflect the interest of the Athenians, i t is advanced on the basis of nationalism, which can be dismissed as a thesis of societal selfishness. Response to part two: Robert, the Monk's account of Pope Urban II's call to crusade During the 11th century, when states like France and Britain had not emerged, Christianity united the states of Europe. All European states took part in religious wars against Muslims in what was known as the Crusades. Both Christians and Muslims committed atrocities against human beings although each side claimed to be fighting for a just course. At the

Internet Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Internet Privacy - Essay Example Electronic network in privacy is part of a person’s property. The persons in question are subscribed in transactions cognizable to the law to obtain internet access within their scope. Using such property without their permission is intrusive impliedly adds up to trespass. This is because it could expose that person’s (legal or real) information to the public. Use of the next person’s bandwidth of internet access could lead to legal actions. This is because the person pays for the network access. The violation stretches to network providing firms as which bear the financial loss in the equation. Invasion of one’s internet access is proof of the invading party’s capability to sabotage their security. Whether knowingly or unknowingly, such acts are illegal and could be presented for action by law enforcement. The FBI for example takes into account cyber activity tracked to specific persons through intelligence. Workplace or home network access is limited to the people subscribed to them and those allowed by such groups. This allocation process by network firms allows for security by creating circles of privacy. Accessing information from firm’s data as well adds up to

Crude Oil Transport System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Crude Oil Transport System - Essay Example Size is not everything, so the physical character of bulk goods is not the only factor that controls how it is transported. Whilst both definitions describe identical goods and commodities (crude oil, grain, iron ore, coal, automobiles), the first focuses on how these are handled and transported, and the second highlights the economic goal of bringing down costs with properly designed systems that transport the goods from the source to its destination. Bulk goods can be reclassified (Stopford, 1997) according to their physical state, liquid (crude oil) or dry (major bulks like iron ore, minor bulks like forest products), or how they are handled (liquid, homogeneous, unit load, wheeled, and refrigerated). This definition closely associates bulk goods with the type of ship used to transport them. The second definition (economics) considers sea transport and handling of bulk goods as only one part of the transport system supply chain that extends from the extraction of the raw materials, their storage before, during, and after sea transport, and delivery to a location for processing (as in a crude oil refinery) or sale (to other buyers of crude oil). This paper focuses on the Crude Oil Transport System for three reasons the author finds interesting: first, amongst all the bulk goods, international trade in crude oil is the largest in terms of volume, value, and shipping capacity; second, the global transport system is entirely dependent on the crude oil transport system (Greene, 2005); and third, crude oil has unique economic, social, and political factors worth discussing. Â  

The Solar System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Solar System - Essay Example Our solar system can be said as the example of the above case [Nebula: Wikipedia]. It is believed that the formation of nebulae is the result of supernova explosions. One example of such is Crab Nebula, in Taurus, which is result of recorded supernova in 1054 AD. Also at the center of a nebula, a neutron star exists. It is also believed that the nebulae are created at the end of star’s life (star greater than 1.4 solar masses), when they become red giant and unable to sustain their entire mass [Nebula: Wikipedia]. In 1734, Emanuel Swedenborg had proposed the current accepted theory of planetary formation, which is know as the nebular hypothesis. Later in 1755, Immanuel Kant having familiar with the theory of Swedenborg developed this theory further. Kant said that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually collapsing and flattering due to gravity and eventually forms stars and planets. In 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace had proposed similar model for nebulae [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. The nebular hypothesis states that a planetary system begins as a large (~10,000AU), roughly spherical cloud of very cold interstellar gas, which is a part of larger molecular cloud. This nebula is dense enough so that begins to contract under its own gravity and collapse of this been initiated by a pressure wave from nearby event, shock wave from a supernova, compressing the molecular cloud and thus forming the resulting star and planets. During collapse, three physical processes shape the nebula: it heats up, its spin increases, and it flattens [Nebular hypothesis: Wikipedia]. At the center of the solar nebulas, an increasingly dense protostar created because of gravity. The protostar gradually compacts further (about 10-50 million years) during the process of planet formation in the disk, reaching the conditions of temperature and pressure needed to initiate hydrogen nuclear fusion (star born). Initially microscopic seeds of solid

Sew What Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sew What Inc - Essay Example Examples, which justify information technology’s role in Sew What, Inc.?’ success entail, i. During its onset in the market, information knowhow contributed to its credibility where numerous people were able to recognize it besides the business’ products and services. Hence, gaining enormous clientele pool interested in drapers and other products it produced. v. Megan Duckett’s knowledge regarding the essence of technological knowhow enabled the company to expand besides having effective operations (Murphy, 2006). This is evident in the way she embraced the Dell’s operations into her business. It is irrefutable if Megan Duckett intends to dominate and attain enormous market share globally she has no alternative but to utilize technology effectively (Murphy, 2006). This entails ensuring the company has the capability of reinventing itself especially in monitoring what is new in the world of technology and implementing it, for effective services’ delivery. However, the business ought to consider the cost and effectiveness of the information technology prior applying it. Assuming the position of management consultant, I will advise Megan Duckett to undertake the following: i. She must ensure that all the business’ marketing assets are up to date, which entails training marketing personnel in all aspects of sales (Murphy, 2006). This is to ensure that the business is capaable  of containing stiff competition evident in the market presently. iii. The business should take advantage of the current social sites (Orkut, Facebook, tweeter ete) besides blogging. This will ensure more interactions amid the people and the business management meant to know reactions of its clientele. v. Megan Duckett besides specializing in drapery making, she should think of being a global provider of the same line materials to other corporations, which will yield to an increased market share (Murphy, 2006). Information technology usually enables small

Matthew the Apostle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matthew the Apostle - Essay Example (M Black, 1967: T Zahn, 1909) Give extensive evidence that Matthew originally wrote his book in Hebrew. Even those individuals that deny the external evidence that Matthew was written in Aramaic or Hebrew accept the fact that at least some of the sayings in the Gospel give evidence for an Aramaic foundation. This would require extensive research and narration before any of them would be able to be interpreted. Although this gospel doesn't name its author it is thought from earlier times that Matthew was the writer. (J Calvin, 2003) explains that originally Matthew was known as Levi (Mark 2:14), but Jesus changed His name to Matthew. (R Gundry, 1994) explains that Jesus' famous Sermon on the Mount is only recorded in Matthew. It is a masterful account of how people should live under God's authority on earth. Chapters 5 - 7 concentrate on the Sermon on the Mount especially looking at early discipleship. Matthew comments on the death and suffering of Jesus more than any of the other gospels. (M. Green, 2000) Describes how the Sermon on the Mount was delivered on a hillside it is thought to be somewhere near the Sea of Galilee where many of Jesus' disciples worked as fishermen. This sermon shows that people who think they are high and mighty do not have a place in heaven, but only those who are meek and humble acknowledging the word and commands of God. It demonstrates the humility of God's love for His people. In particular it demonstrates that God does not have favourites. Jesus wanted to make it clear that our ways are not the ways of the father and that we must love others even our enemies. Jesus did not give detailed rules instead He gave broad principles that people would have difficulty finding loopholes. Jesus was aware that some would walk away from the sermon having heard, but not taking action. Like the man who built his house on sand they would face a great fall. Yet despite their stubbornness to believe, Jesus chose to teach them the ways of the father and t he principles they must apply to their lives to be accepted into God's family. Sermon on the Mount Theme's Before giving the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus had talked about righteousness (Matt. 5:17-20). This prepared the crowds for the Sermon on the Mount. When Jesus gave the Sermon on the Mount the crowds were ready to listen to what God had to say. The crowds were amazed by the power of authority that Jesus gave when he presented the Sermon on the Mount. (C. H. Talbert, 2004) describes how Jesus taught the importance of having a righteous life and the true spirit of commandment - keeping. He spoke of loving one another, even your enemies and not taking revenge on those who treat us wrongly. This is true for today's society. It is easy to give in to man's way of doing things, but if we are to enter through the gates of heaven then we must do as the father wants us to do. (M. Henry, 2005) explains how this is especially difficult for a new Christian who has only just accepted God into their lives and walked away from their old lives. At first there will be sin in their lives, but as they pro gress as a Christian they will begin to get rid of the old and embrace the new. (Ephesians 6:12) makes it clear that ours is not a battle of flesh and blood, but against principalities, powers, against the rulers of darkness and spiritual wickedness in high places. Therefore we must remain true to God's

Intercultural Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intercultural Relations - Essay Example However, critics believe otherwise. Pointing to its â€Å"anarchic and competitive character† (Cox 2), they instead see globalisation â€Å"an exploitative phenomenon† (Prempeh 586) that â€Å"has often perpetuated poverty, widened material inequalities, increased ecological degradation, sustained militarism, fragmented communities, marginalised subordinated groups, fed intolerance and deepened crises of democracy† (Scholte 53). These adverse effects of globalisation as encapsulated in the following terms: â€Å"disempowerment, marginalisation, exclusion and inequality† (Prempeh 596) cultivate and encourage racial discrimination, especially so that historically racism has been an effective tool in rationalising and covering-up exploitation (Shah, section 1, par. 2; Sivanandan, par. 1) in favour of the powerful. Globalisation proponents proudly claim globalisation has equalised the playing field for all nations and races in almost all spheres of life; thus, it has transcended nation-states; that today we are more than our nationality but citizens of the world – we are a cosmopolitan – a multi-cultural world free from national prejudices. With this rosy picture being painted about globalisation, this world could have been a better and safer place to live in. But then, why do we have ogre things such as ethnic tensions/wars (â€Å"Greek Albanians† BBC News), racial profiling (Monbiot, par. 2), racial crimes like racial bombing (â€Å"Racist bomb† BBC News) and race riots (â€Å"Spain Struggles† BBC News), and war on terrorism (Bidwai, par. 18-19)? With these grim pictures around the world, anti-globalisation forces see globalisation nothing but a tool of neo-liberal market forces to systematically exploit the economy of the world through â€Å"racism, sexism, xenophobia, and other oppressions† (Gorski 4). Anytime, anywhere and anyhow, racism is evil. It is damaging as it disempowers people by

Ideal student Essay Example for Free

Ideal student Essay Students are the future hope of the country. A student is like clay which can be molded into any shape. Hence, it is very necessary that the student should be brought up and taught in the right ways. Teachers and parents are responsible for shaping the character of students. Discipline is the foremost quality of a student. He has to live with good behavior and in a discipline way. This is the time of life when the foundation of character is laid. A student without a sense of discipline is like a ship without a rudder. He should be obedient, cautious, humble and simple. He should respect his elders and gain knowledge so that he may become a good citizen. A good student should be studious. He should not only study but also let others study from him. For this he will have to be law-abiding. An ideal student should keep himself healthy by taking part in games and extra curricular activities. He should be an all rounder. He should select his friend intelligently and wisely. He should have no evil in him and let no evil tempt him. An ideal student should be any time helping and an amusing friend. He should keep the atmosphere lively by his humorous nature. He should never be passive in mind and body. He should take an active part in the activities of the school. He should be a source of inspiration for others. The school is a community and an ideal student should have good relations with his authorities and friends. He should be frank and fearless. An ideal student will admit his mistake, get it corrected and learn from it. He is fully conscious of his duties and responsibilities. He sets an example for the younger generation. An ideal student has many good qualities. He presents an ideal model of character before others such a student will be an asset to others.

Colonization And Neo Colonization History Essay

Colonization And Neo Colonization History Essay Colonization is the extension of political and economic control over an area by a state, whose nationals have occupied the area and usually possesses organizational or technological superiority over the native population. MOTIVES OF COLONIZATION: Colonization has occurred through out the history in Europe. Three most influential colonizers work British, Spanish, French. These three countries had three basic motives: Material gain Desire to spread religion. Desire expend territory. Using these motives they created long term effects in the culture religion and economy of areas that they colonize. EARLY COLONIZATION: As early as the 10th cent. B.C., the Phoenicians founded trading posts throughout the Mediterranean area and later exercised political dominion over these commercial colonies. The Greeks, from a desire for wealth or as a result of the expulsion of a political faction or the defeated inhabitants of a city, established colonies in Asia Minor and Italy, spreading Hellenic culture and stimulating trade. BIGGEST COLONIZATION OF HISTORY: Colonization of India Colonization of Africa Colonization of America COLONIZATION IN AFRICA: From the seventh century, Arab trade with sub-Saharan Africa led to a gradual colonization of East Africa, around Zanzibar and other bases. After that Africa remained colonized under French, British Portuguese. French established equality, interracial marriages, rights support. British didnt support equality they considered others lower didnt liked it if they adopted British culture. Portuguese allowed interracial marriages but considered blood related Portuguese as superior Finally struggle was made by Africans to gain independence get rid off colonization. COLONIZATION IN AMERICA During the sixteenth century the work of colonizing America was left almost entirely to the people of Spain. Colonies were established on the coasts of South and Central America. in 1519 Cortez began that memorable expedition which soon subjected the Aztec empire of Mexico to his sway. In a comparatively short time the whole of western South America from the lower boundary of Chili to the Caribbean coast was Spanish territory. COLONIZATION IN INDIA : When the British colonize India they modernized and make conveniences only for themselves. India suffered, destruction of education system, economies ancient monuments and lively hood of people. Living standards, sanitation, water resources and other facilities were barely provided. The East India Company established trading posts on different parts along the India coast. IMPACT OF COLONIZATION SELF IMAGE IDENTITY: New cultures religion was introduced but tradition culture was destroyed. Example : British brought English language but destroyed traditions. DECISION MAKING LEADERSHIP: Colonization weakens decision making leaders. Example: Tribal leadership system in Africa was destroyed. RIGHTS: No equality or rights were given to the natives. Example: Indians were forced to labor on constructions of road buildings but were kept from benefiting from such. WEALTH RESOURCES: Exploitation of resources occurred. Example: Tons of silver gold were transported from America to Spain. Similarly British took valuable jewels from India etc. NEO COLONIZATION: As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism.   Che Guevara,  Marxist  revolutionary, 1965 Neo Colonization is used for the exploitation rather than for development of less developed parts of world.   Kwame Nkrumah, who in 1957 became leader of newly independent  Ghana, was one of the most notable figures to use the term. HOW NEO-COLONIZATION OCCURS TODAY: The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to neo colonization is in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international power. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside. METHODS AND FORMS OF NEO COLONIZATION: In an extreme case the troops of the imperial power may occupy the territory of the neo-colonial State and control the government of it. More often, however, neo-colonialist control is exercised through economic or monetary means. Control over government policy in the neo-colonial State may be secured by payments towards the cost of running the State and by monetary control over foreign exchange through the imposition of a banking system controlled by the imperial power. RESULT OF NEO COLONIZATION: The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is used for the exploitation rather than for the development of the less developed parts of the world. Investment under neo-colonialism increases rather than decreases the gap between the rich and the poor countries of the world. STRUGGLES AGAINST NEO COLONIZATION: The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the resources of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to weaken the less developed. EXAMPLE: Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State. NEO COLONIZISM A THREAT: The growth of nuclear weapons has made, the old-fashioned balance of power out dated. Historically the mutual mass destruction prevented countries from threatening each other. But now the case is different. Rich and technologically developed countries aim to have better and more dangerous nuclear power, whereas poor countries may be low at these resources and may not be able to compete with the richer developed states. The evil of neo-colonialism is that it prevents the formation of those large units which would make impossible limited war. To give one example: if Africa was united, no major power community would attempt to control it by limited war. Neo-colonialism is also the worst form of imperialism. For those who practice it, it means power without responsibility and for those who suffer from it, it means exploitation without redress. In the days of old-fashioned colonialism, the imperial power had at least to explain and justify at home the actions it was taking abroad. In the colony those who served the ruling imperial power could at least look to its protection against any violent move by their opponents. With neo-colonialism neither is the case. Neo-colonialism is based upon the principle of breaking up former large united states into a number of small non-viable States which are incapable of independent development and must rely upon the former imperial power for defense and even internal security. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OLD IMPERIALISM [COLONIZATION] AND THE NEW GLOBALIZATION PROCESS [NEO COLONIZATION]: In old colonialism you at least knew who your enemy was, you felt the knife on the back. You knew what had to be done if you wanted a better life. In globalization you are captive and unaware. When the prisoners are unaware of their chains then its hopeless. The US is freely threatening other countries. After Iraq war, nearly 2.5 million people are out of their country, one million plus have been killed, 75% are without electricity and drinking water. In the U.S. it has touched the lives of African-Americans who have had lives caught in street violence and are fighting for their lives. Suddenly Islam comes to them and they find peace, dignity and a faith they can believe in. The underlying value of globalization is material. In this proliferation of unnecessary necessities, as Mark Twain said, result in the enrichment of the rich and the greater impoverishment of the poor, in every country. Globally, the numbers of the poor are increasing fast, the concentration of wealth is greater. That is an unlivable position. The U.S. governments need for an enemy, its search for new enemies is really a way of uniting the country, covering its real motives and appealing for patriotism that is called the last refuge of the scoundrel. Patriotism is not the real motive. The real motive is domination and exploitation, and to get away with it you have to have a rallying ground, an enemy. That is where the military comes in. The U.S. spends more on arms than all other countries combined.

Japanese watch market overview

Japanese watch market overview Results for the fiscal year ended March 31 show that watch sales at Japans Big Three watch firms slumped for the second consecutive year as the Great Recession continued to suppress demand for mid-priced watches. Nevertheless, the watch divisions at Citizen, Seiko and Casio remained profitable. For the companies as a whole, only the Citizen Group reported a profit for year; Seiko and Casio both reported losses. Seiko In the watch divisions, the hardest hit was Seiko, maker of Seiko, Pulsar, Alba and licensed brand watches; watch sales fell 31 percent to 64.5 billion yen ($693 million) for the fiscal year. Two years ago, Seikos watch sales totaled  ¥117.2 billion. Since then, they have fallen a staggering 45%. Seiko now ranks third among the Big Three in terms of watch revenue. Seiko Holdings Corp. said operating income at its Seiko Watch Corp. subsidiary increased 38 percent to  ¥2.2 billion ($23.6 million). Unlike Citizen and Casio, Seiko Holdings issued no statement discussing the financial results. Citizen Watch and clock sales at Citizen Watch Co. fell 6.7 percent in the fiscal year to  ¥123.6 billion ($1.33 billion). Regarding the Japanese market, Citizen said in a statement that the slow recovery in consumption and other factors under prevailing economic conditions made for an exceedingly difficult sales environment especially for premium-priced products for the first three quarters of the year. Overseas, sales in Asia, particularly China, were robust and far ahead of the previous year, Citizen said. In the North American market, the largest for this business, difficult conditions continued through the first half, but gave way to a faster-than-expected market recovery in the second half and sales growth for Eco-Drive and other high value added products, Citizen said. Citizen said sales at its Bulova Corp. subsidiary in the United States dropped for the year, although Bulova posted stronger second half sales due to increased sales of mechanical watches and other differentiated prod ucts. Operating profit in Citizens watch and clock segment rose 7.1 percent to  ¥9.7 billion ($104.2 million). Casio Sales of Casio Computer Companys timepiece division fell just 2.8 percent to  ¥78.1 billion yen ($839 million). Sales of non-radio-controlled watches were affected by the harsh market environment in the first half, Casio said in a statement, but sales of radio-controlled watches were strong, particularly Casios high-value-added brands such as G-Shock, Oceanus, and Edifice. Casio does not disclose the operating income of its timepiece division. Its overall electronics segment, which includes timepieces, reported a  ¥19.9 billion loss ($213.8 million). However, Casio noted that timepieces remained highly profitable. Watches represent only a portion of the sales of all three firms. At Citizen and Casio, watches outperformed other divisions. Net sales for Citizen Holding Co. Ltd. dropped 14.9 percent to  ¥252.5 billion ($2.71 billion). Net income for the Citizen Group remained stable at  ¥3.5 billion ($37.6 million). Net sales for Casio as a whole dropped 17.4 percent to  ¥427.9 ($4.60 billion). For the year, Casio reported a loss of  ¥21.0 billion ($226.0 million). Casio said the primary cause of the loss was a sharp decline in sales of cellular phones. Net sales at Seiko Holdings Corp. increased 33% to  ¥230.7 billion ($2.48 billion). The increase, however, is due entirely to a reorganization of the Seiko Group in October that made Seiko Instruments Inc., one of the groups two major manufacturing units, a subsidiary of Seiko Holdings. SII added  ¥85.0 billion ($913.6 million) to Seiko Holdings sales. Without SII, Seiko Holding sales would have declined by 16 percent for the year. Seiko Holdings reported a net loss for the year of  ¥3.6 billion ($39 million). Big Three Watch Sales 2006-2010 (billion yen) Citizen Sales Casio Sales Seiko Sales Purpose of Marketing Plan The purpose of writing a marketing plan is to give a detailed report of our new product in the market. Starting from product attributes, finding our suitable target markets, the benefits that our target customers will get, selecting appropriate distribution channels to make our product easily accessible, studying the current situation analysis of our target markets, analysis of our competitors, and the ratio of market which they have captured.Designing a marketing mix, pricing strategies, Marketing objectives and accordingly making marketing strategies. Mission statement With in this short span of time we have gained a good word of mouth by giving better quality durable products. Innovative, modern, stylish are all descriptive traits that exemplify Integrals design. Dreams and ideals cannot be realized by means of conventional ideas and technologies. Thats why our approach to development is to set a challenging goal and tackle it from every possible perspective-until what simply cant be done gets done. We Updates you with time Company profile à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Company name Bingo Watches. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 3 MR. Uzair Zaheer is CEO of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Aamir Latif is Managing Director of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Majid Ali is GM of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Arslan Khurshid is Marketing Director. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Company product name is Power Disk Watch. Status of the company Bingo started their business in 2001 from the major cities Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi and for the past five years our company has been of producing following products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ wrist watches (Digital and Analog) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fancy wall clocks (Digital and Analog) With in this short span of time we have gained a good word of mouth for our quality products which we have been producing according to the market likings. Now we are about to launch a new innovative, ground breaking, new unique product in the market which is currently not available so we are having no competitors for our new product called Power Disk Watch. Market status of the company Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 4 Our company mainly focusing in Pakistans market, our products are being used in Pakistan. The goodwill of our products is high in the market. As a result of market survey we have a large quantity of loyal customer as well as potential costumers. There is continuous communication with the customer (promotion) to increase the quality and performance of existing products. On the basis of past experience there are good expectations with the new product Power Disk Watch. Product Attributes Leather and chain straps: This product will be available for customers in genuine leather and chain (titanium) straps depending on watch model. Mp3 player: It has a build-in MP3 music player which will be an exciting step for fun lovers of different ages. Voice recorder: Watch also has the ability to record voice messages, theres a small, very sensitive microphone at the bottom of the watch. It can be used as a spy recorder. Built-in equalizer: There is a built-in equalizer in this product which will enable the users to switch to different modes of built in equalizer for e.g. rock, soft, pop, dance, classic, flat Memory space Battery: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 5 Build-in 170mAH, 3.7V Hi Li-ion rechargeable battery. Depending on the model its memory space varies i.e. 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, and 1GB Night mode: When it turns dark the watch arms and buttons automatically starts glowing so one can easily operate. Weight Speed: Weight of the device is 50-80g (Varies with design and shape) and the speed is USB 1.1 (Max 5Mbps). Support bit rate: Support bit rate is 32kbps-256kbps. Light indicators: It has different indication lights to indicate charging, Mp3 player on/off. Play time: Using this watch users can play continuously for 10~12 hours. System support: Windows 98 or above. Different formats: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch The watch handles different formats like MP3, WMA, and WAV files for playback. Plug and play: For windows above 98 there is no need to install driver just plug and play. Steps of Marketing plan 1) Situational Analysis 1) Micro Environment 2) Macro environment Micro Environment Micro factors are the factors that directly influence our company. The main micro factors are: 1Intermediaries (Suppliers / Distributors) 2Customers 3Competitors (direct / indirect) P o te n tia l E n tra n ts S u p p lie rs B u y e rs S u b s titu te s In d u s try Macro Environment Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 7 1)-Demograhic Environment Demography is the study of human population in terms of age, gender, household size, family life cycle, education and population age mix. Pakistan is one of the 3rd world countries with a population of 15.50 billion out of which 48% are males and 52% are females. 55% of the population involves in agriculture. The literacy rate in very low i.e. 39% and population rate is 2.3% annually. Most of the population lives in rural areas but migration rate is high. The per capital income is $480 per person annually. Lahore is one of the largest cities of Pakistan. The target of our watch is young generation aging from 20-35 but still watch is being used by guys as well. 2)-Economic Environment In third world countries, a large part of the income of people is spent on the basic needs, so its the most sensitive environment where the income level is low, middle class is shrinking, wealth distribution is unequal and saving rate is low. The people are either very rich or very poor. And their consumption behavior varies accordingly. 3)-Technological environment In Pakistan, there are less opportunities of innovation are available due to the lack of research. However it also depends on the companies that how much they prefer the research and customer feedback. Keeping in view the target market, our company has to look for opportunities rather then wait for them. 4)-Geographical Environment The population level is high crossing 160 million. The growth rate of the customer is expected to have an increasing trend. 5)-Social cultural Environment Traditionally youngsters have more interest in music. This means more consumption of watches then from older ones. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 8 6)-Legal and Political Environment There are no restrictions for the new entrants. Govt. is supporting us by providing exemption of sales tax for 2 years to show their commitment towards welcoming new investment. Factors influencing consumer buying behavior There are many factors that influence the consumer buying behavior directly. These factors are: 1. Cultural factors 2. Social factors 3. Personal factors 4. Psychological factors Cultural factors As far as we are concerned we will target Lahore market at first. The people living in Lahore are good looking and they spent major part of their income in shopping. When we talk about watch many customers are not really satisfied with their existing watches. Thats where we are focusing at: Social Factors Some people get inspiration from reference groups and they use the same products as their reference groups are using. Personal Factors Age factor affects the consumer buying behavior. Mostly young generation use watches to improve their outlook. Economic conditions have also a bit effect on consumer buying behavior. People with high income never hesitate to spend the money on taking care of their out look. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 9 Competitive Factor There are basically three types of competition 1. Brand competition 2. Form competition 3. Generic competition Brand competitors By brand competition we mean competition between different manufacturers who satisfy or tend to satisfy similar need by providing Similar product. In our case our direct brand competitors are 1. Rolex 2. Casio 3. Swatch 4. Raymonds well Form competitors By form competitors we mean the competition between manufacturers which will satisfy the same need but the products that they offer are different. Our form competitors are 1. Rado 2. Titan Generic competition Competition among products that are different, but solve the same problem or provide the same benefit or utility. 2) Marketing Objectives Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 10 There are two types of marketing objectives which are given below 1. Short term objectives 2. Long term objectives Short term objectives: The fundamental objective of BINGO WATCHES to increase the sales volume of power disk watches. Create a good image of our product in the mind of customers. Our main concern is profitability. Long term Objectives: BINGOS long term objectives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retention of our loyal customer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capturing high market share à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivering quality products to our customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capturing the potential target market of Pakistan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Launching innovative changes for our product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating brand awareness and brand loyalty 3) Market Segmentation Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 11 Geographical region: Our target market geographical region profile is as follows. o World region: o Asia o Country: o Pakistan o City: o Lahore o Areas: o Defence o Cantonment o Cavalry Ground o Gulberg o Modeltown Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 12 Demographic factors: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Age: o 20+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gender: o Male à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Family life-cycle: o Young or aged can be single or married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Income: o Rs 30,000+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occupation: o Student o Doctors o Engineers o Computer Eng o Business Man o Accountants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education: o Bachelors o Masters o PHD Psychographic: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Class: o Upper Lower o Upper Middle o Upper Upper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Life Style: o Achievers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personality: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 13 o Expressive o Stylish o Authoritarian o Gregarious Behavioral: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occasion: o Regular occasion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefits: o Quality o Uniqueness o Technical o Portability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ User status: o Medium and heavy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Readiness stage: o Un-aware 4) Target Market This watch is designed for students, executives, professionals with different occupation, degrees and education levels. We have designed and customized according to different user needs. Students: For students we have designed a model called G-SHOCK as mentioned earlier our watches are for expressive people who want to express them selves, so G-SHOCK has Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 14 been designed according to latest styles , fashion make it an unique and an expressive watch apart from its features. Memory space: (128MB~512Mb) This feature is really beneficial one because students can carry their assignments, presentation, work, software, related stuff on it and can access it form any where no need to open your mail account and download your required stuff . Instead of wasting so much time just copy it in your watch and carry it any where you want. Portability: This is a portable device which is always on your hand in the form of watch; its easy to carry because it weighs almost equal to watch. So at one space one carry four additional accessories. Entertainment: Mp3 Player: Students mostly have walk mans, CD man with them which they often use while traveling mostly. Now you dont need to have any walk man because you can store almost about 500 songs in your watch and can listen them when ever you want. You are traveling, sitting alone and feeling bore, or want to listen song at night time but can not put your deck on, our watch has solution for every problem Voice recorder: It is very help full during the lecture because you can record your lecture any time and can listen to it after wards and even can store it in your Pc. Privacy: Our product will be providing privacy by keeping the personal private things with you in your watch and can carry them with you all the time. Executives/Professionals: The watch which we have designed for professionals isEst eem.it varies in design according to varying age groups .we have given some new designs to this product which is a bit different from others. The benefits we will be giving to our customers are as follows. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 15 Memory Space: (512 MB~1 GB) Now days every professional has a need of flash drive. We have made this job easier for them to carry it in their watch and can access it from any where we are providing sample of space i.e. 512 MB ~ 1GB software engineers, programmers ,Doctors ,Accountants especially can bring some extra out put from this product because they can carry many of the big software with them. Portable: Our product makes it easier for you to carry your data in a portable device requiring no new space Stylish designs: Our watches along with technical aspects have stylish features according to current fashion. The power disk watch for executives has, attracting, exclusive, designs our targeted customers which give them an expressive look. Voice recorder: Power disk has introduced this feature for the first time in current market; this feature is of great use we have made a small product which carries multiple functions in it this feature enables you to: Record all conversation while in meeting. While interviewing some one can record the interview instead of writing it down and saving time. Privacy: It keeps your privacy with you .one can carry some of its important files, documents save in his/her watch. 5) Marketing mix 1. Product 2. Price 3. Place 4. Promotion Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 16 PRODUCTS:- As we have already discussed about the product, its features and its attributes above. So now we will be looking at the other three Ps. PRICE:- PRICING STRATEGY:- The pricing strategy portion of the marketing plan involves determining how we will price our product or service; the price we charge has to be competitive but still allow us to make a reasonable profit. The keyword here is reasonable; we can charge any price we want to, but for every product or service theres a limit to how much the consumer is willing to pay. Our pricing strategy needs to take this consumer threshold into account. We set our prices by examining how much it costs us to produce the product or service and adding a fair price for the benefits that the customer will enjoy. We may find it useful to conduct a Breakeven Analysis. In break even analysis the price is set to break even on the costs of making and marketing a product or in other words setting a price to make a target profit. These are some pricing strategies 1. Cost based pricing 2. Value based pricing 3. Competition based pricing Cost based pricing: Cost based pricing involves adding a markup to the cost of the product. But Power disk is not dealing in price sensitive market . So we move on to the next pricing method. VALUE BASED PRICING: In value based pricing price is based on the buyers perception of value rather than on the sellers cost. An increasing number of companies are basing their prices on the products perceived value. And we can use it here as well as the consumers already dont have an image of this new product in mind so there is a need to base its new price on its value. All the Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 17 company needs to do is to change the view point of the customers by powerful and attractive advertising. COMPETITION BASED PRICING Setting prices based on the prices the competitors charge for similar products is called competition based pricing. Consumers will base their judgments of a products value on the prices that competitors charge for similar products. One form of competition based pricing is going rate pricing in which a firm bases its prices largely on competitors prices, with less attention paid to its own costs or to demand. The firm might charge the same as, more than or less than its major competitors. But as we know that Power disk is not facing any competition so this strategy is not be used by the company. We are launching a new unique product for a special class of people our target market is not price sensitive so we will be using Value Based Pricing because we processes a good word of mouth and this type we are launching an innovative product which already does not exist in market The final user end prices are as follows for its 2 models: o G-Force (for Students) G-Force Models Quantity Per unit cost Profit Retail price Gf-910 01 4125 1375(25%) 5500 Gf-610 01 4875 1625(25%) 6500 o Esteem: (for executives and professionals) Esteem Models Quantity Per unit cost Profit Retail price Em-121001 6800 1700(20%) 8500 Em-345001 13600 3400(20%) 17000 Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 18 Incentives: The incentives which will be given to and retailers are as follows: Retailers: To retailers the incentive given for the per unit sale of G-force and Esteem is as follows: Model Quantity Commission G-force 1 500 Esteem 1 900 PLACE:- It includes marketing channels and channel levels as described below:- MARKETING CHANNELS Few producers sell their goods directly to final users. Instead most use intermediaries to bring their products to market. They try to forget a marketing channel or distribution channel, a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. There are basically two marketing channels:- Direct marketing channel:- A marketing channel that has no intermediary levels. Indirect marketing channel: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 19 Channel containing one or more intermediary levels. We Implement Direct channels: Company Owned Shop: The products will be available on our company outlet at MM ALAM ROAD and Defence Y-Block. In- Direct channels: It would be difficult to cover our target market by just using direct channel so in order to make it easily available we will use the maximum no of efficient indirect channels, which are as follows: 1. H karim bukhsh outlets 2. pot puri outlets 3. Al Fetah outlets 4. sketchers outlets 5. Nike outlets 6. Pace shopping mall 7. Fortress market PROMOTION Promotion means customer communication that how we can reach to our customer to read and capture his mind. PROMOTION MIX STRETAGES:- Marketers can choose from two basic promotion mix strategies:- 1). Push strategy 2). Pull strategy PUSH STRATEGY:- Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 20 A promotion strategy that calls for using the sales force and trade promotion to push the product through channels is called push strategy. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers the wholesalers promotes to retailers, and the retailer promotes to consumers. A push strategy involves pushing the product through distribution channels to final consumers. The producer directs its marketing activities (primarily personal selling and trade promotion) toward channel members to induce them to carry the product and to promote it to final consumer. PULL STRATEGY:- A promotion strategy that calls for spending a lot on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand is called pull strategy. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. Using a pull strategy, the producer directs its marketing activities (primarily advertising and consumer promotion) toward final consumers to induce them to buy the product. If the pull strategy is effective, consumers will then demand the product from channel members, who will in turn demand from producers. Thus, under a pull strategy, consumer demand pulls the product through the channels. OUR APPROACH As we are launching our product (watches) so we will use the mix strategies to improve the customer demand to have more sales and better supply in all kinds of markets and stores. And for this we have to analyze trends or behaviors of the consumers so that the companys ability to do business can be improved. So in this section well also give the tools we will be using for this launch. We will also discuss the promotion strategy that we will be using in this launch. Promotion tools Advertisement Advertisement is the tool to make the product known to the customer, the advertisement should be in such a manner so that it can attract the customer at first glance then their should be image retention in the mind of customer. Continuous advertisement stimulates the customer for the purchasing of the product. Advertisement tools used are Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 21 Magazines 1. Libas Magazine 2. MAG 3. Times Magazine 4. Visag Magzine 5. Fashion Magzine Sign boards Advertisement through signboards in posh areas of Lahore. For the evaluation of the product performance following methods will be used so that if the customer is facing any problems in respect of quality, availability and other matters can be removed. Feed back form Forms having different question about the product performance, its weaknesses (if any), Need for quality improvement and other questions regarding service approachability, affordability etc will be available. Forms will be given to the customers at time of purchase. Sales Promotion and retention of loyal customers For sales promotion at different occasions like EID, Independence day, greeting cards will be sent in order to stay in contact with our loyally and potential customers. 6) Implementation Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 22 It is the most important step of the marketing plan. In this step we actually implement what we have consider In above steps. Because there is a saying that it is useless to write a story if you are not going to make a movie. 7) Evaluation In this we evaluate what we have implemented if our strategies are going accordingly then we carry on other wise we are going for modification. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 23

Analysis of Langston Hughes Harlem (Dream Deferred) :: Hughes Harlem Dream Deferred Essays

Analysis of Harlem (Dream Deferred) Langston Hughes's poem "Dream Deferred" is basically about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. Hughes probably intended for the poem to focus on the dreams of African-Americans in particular because he originally entitled the poem "Harlem," which is the capital of African American life in the United States; however, it is just as easy to read the poem as being about dreams in general and what happens when people postpone making them come true. Ultimately, Hughes uses a carefully arranged series of images that also function as figures of speech to suggest that people should not delay their dreams because the more they postpone them, the more the dreams will change and the less likely they will come true. In the opening of the poem the speaker uses a visual image that is also a simile to compare a dream deferred to a raisin. The speaker asks the question, "Does it [the dream] dry up / Like a raisin in the sun?" (2-3). Here we can see the raisin, which used to be a moist, taut, healthy-looking grape, has shriveled up to become a raisin. The speaker does not emphasize the appearance of the raisin, so the description isn't as significant as an image as it is as a simile. Why compare a dream deferred to a raisin? Like a raisin, a dream deferred shrivels up and turns dark because the sun has baked it. The emphasis on the sun is important because it stresses time-we measure time by the sun's movement. Like the raisin, the dream has been on hold for a long time-consequently, it has transformed into something very different than it once was. Because they look so different, few people would believe that raisins were once grapes unless they had been told. Similarly, a dream that contin ues to be postponed will go through an evolution as well-it won't be the same as the original.

The Moral Maturation of Huckelberry Finn Essays -- English Literature

The Moral Maturation of Huckelberry Finn A novel structured on the theme of morality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain focuses on Huck Finn’s multifaceted growing up process. Huck, through his escapades and misfortunes is obliged to endure the agonizing process from childhood to adulthood where he attains self-knowledge and discovers his own identity. Throughout the journey down the Mississippi River, Jim, Ms. Watson’s runaway slave, accompanies Huck, and is later joined by two con men. It is during this journey that a great moral crisis in Huck’s life occurs where he must make a painful decision as to whether he is going to give Jim up to the slave hunters or notify Ms. Watson about Jim’s whereabouts and assist him to remain a free man. This is the turning point in his character where through deep introspection, he learned to think and reason morally for himself. He comes to his own conclusions, unaffected by the accepted, and often hypocritical, perceptions of Southern culture. Huck also deciphers the truth in the face of lies held by the antagonistic society with its evil nature. From the very introduction of Huckleberry Finn in the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck was known for his mastery of playing tricks on those gullible to his antics. In this novel, he played two tricks on Jim, enough to never make him do such a thing again. The first time as a joke, Huck puts a dead rattlesnake near Jim's sleeping place, and its mate comes and bites Jim. He learned for his own sake never to do that because it could have been him bitten by the snake. However, the second prank Huck pulls on Jim unbeknownst to him does not seem to be as funny as he thought it would be when he pretended that the whole fog incident was a figment of Jim’s imagination. Jim was hurt by Huck and calls him trash, the exact turning point of Huck’s morality; he even had the decency to apologize, showing acceptance to a black man. As I quote from pages 83-84 "What do dey stan' for? I'se gwyne to tell you. When I got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin' for you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los', en I didn' k'yer no' mo' what become er me en de raf'. En when I wake up en fine you back agin, all safe en soun', de tears come, en I could a got down on my knees en kiss yo' foot, I's so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin' 'bout wuz how you could ma... .... Although Jim is a slave, Huck has already learned to recognize Jim as a real human being with emotions and deep consideration for his family. Because of these conclusions, he will do anything to fight for his friend’s rightful freedom. By the middle of the novel, anyone could believe that Huck Finn learned a great lesson of equality and made a complete 360 in becoming a new person. However, this is not so because from the time that Tom Sawyer, Huck’s friend from St. Petersburg, returns to the picture, Huck goes back to his indecent ways and disregards Jim as what he once believed him to be, an equal. They both toy around with Jim as they plan his escape from the Phelps. In conclusion, his hard work to fight against the hypocritical ideals of society at the time came right back and sucked him into their beliefs, all to impress his friend. Once he comes back to living in their society, he would no longer feel like he would have a say in his way of life and ideals especially the fact that Aunt Sally was going to civilize him. This idea of being captivated and made to be civilized does not suit Huck, he plans to run away to the west to escape all that burdens him in this society.

Existentialism and Metamorphosis Essay

Existentialism is defined as a modern philosophical movement stressing the importance of one’s experience and accountability. Its focus is the make on the personal reflections that these make on the individual, who is seen as a free agent in a deterministic and seemingly meaningless universe. Its philosophy is meticulous that, in a nutshell, advocates a diverse arsenal of responses and solutions to the ‘existentialist attitude’; which, essentially, is what an individual feels when confronted by the absurdity of life. Throughout humanity, rumination and self-proclaimed ‘ultimate’ truths have assumed various forms: poetry, religion, and numerous other doctrines and textual works. In The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka narrates the ramifications of a metamorphosis in which the subject and protagonist, a man named Gregor Samsa, is transformed into a bug. Despite the novella’s literary methods and influences, the most prominent being the way Kafka so nonchalantly describes such irregularity in his life, The Metamorphosis is also hailed as a prime textual work of existentialism, the previously mentioned philosophical movement. Both prior and subsequent to the transformation, Kafka portrays Gregor as a man who seems lost within himself, and lacking identity. The reminiscences of his past are neither nostalgic nor poignant: his human life is seen to revolve solely around trivial matters. His social life pays the price from this, his failure to assert a concrete and consistent existence. The extent of his lack of individuality is further exemplified by his reaction to the metamorphosis: finding himself â€Å"transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect† (Kafka, 296), he prioritizes work over all else, even in his newly equated insect form. Furthermore, he panics because â€Å"the next train went at seven o’clock; to catch that he would need to hurry like mad and his samples weren’t even packed up† (297). Gregor’s identity crisis is a device for conveying Kafka’s belief of an impersonal society where individualism is drastically mitigated as a result of excessive materialism. Gregor, in the context of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground analogy, would be the ‘ant’ in the anthill— thus rendering his metamorphosis ironically. Another dominant theme prevalent throughout the novella is the absurd situation Gregor is confronted by. These nonsensical happenings (296-327) reflect the world as seen from the existentialist perspective: a world absent of a rational and comprehensive objective. Jean-Paul Sartre postulated that ‘every existing thing is born without reason, prolongs itself out of weakness, and dies by chance’. This meaninglessness is precisely what Gregor is victim to in the microcosm of society that Kafka generates: Gregor flounders about, beleaguered by absurdity and helplessness, presumably because he is unaware of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard’s somewhat consoling conclusions that one must devise meaning for one’s own existence ex nihilo. Once again, Kafka utilizes a combination of plot and character to convey his angst concerning an apparently pointless existence. Freedom— or rather the lack thereof— is another existentialist tenet that Kafka addresses. Gregor is depicted as someone constrained by self-imposed burdens, the most demanding being the role as the financial pillar of the family. Despite having the freedom to repudiate this role, Gregor instead pursues it with feverish ardor to the extent that it becomes his ‘sole desire’ (310). Yet his harangue regarding his career (297-298) reveals that this is not due to personal desire, but rather the belief that he must replace his father financially, regardless of preference. Gregor’s delusion regarding an absence of choice contradicts what Kafka perceives as the truth: that freedom is ubiquitous in spite of any ethical obligations we may be expected to adhere to, and that the individual defines his or herself via one’s decisions. A quasi-motto of existentialism coined by Sartre, ‘existence precedes essence’. In conclusion, Kafka employs the fictional literary elements he constructs to address the very non-fictional, existentialist aspects of society and life. Akin to Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground, it can be interpreted as both a rumination and tirade against impersonal communities, restriction of freedom, and the absurdity of life.

Health Care Museum Essay

1. Public Health As stated by Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services, Prior to the eighteenth century there was several epidemics of plague, cholera, and smallbox, which provoked sporadic public efforts to protect citizens in the face of a dread disease (1988, p.57). During the eighteenth century public health awareness and efforts helped disease to be seen through a new scope of human health conditions rather than a super natural effect that could be controlled through isolation of the ill and quarantine of people who traveled. Many people thought disease was contributed to poor moral or even a spiritual mediated factor that could be healed through prayer and/or meditation. Public Health has several improving factors amongst people in the United States. These improving factors include but are not limited to preventative measures of controlling infectious disease, immunizations, safer and healthier foods, and a cleaner environment. Public health has helped decrease hospital infections and diseases from spreading in numerous ways. One important contribution public health has implement is the education of hand washing in hospitals and with food handling as well. By educating people about hand washing, it has decreased transmission of bacteria from spreading to patient to patient. Proper steps such as lathering hands with soap, rubbing hands together for 15 seconds, using a clean paper towel to dry hands and lastly turning off water with a paper towel has help prevent transmission of multiple bacteria from spreading. 2. Penicillin Penicillin was discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928. Dr. Alexander Fleming was a bacteriologist and discovered penicillin, a mold, when examining colonies of Staphylococcus aureus on petri dishes in his laboratory. Upon examining the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus there where areas that did not inhibit growth due to the Penicillin mold. This discovery was extremely important in history because it lead to the combat of infectious diseases. Penicillin was not used as an antibiotic until 1942. In 1942 Penicillin was used on its first patient who developed an infection after miscarrying. The clinical impact of penicillin was on a large scale of events, it has lead to a wide scale of antibiotics that is used today. These same technologies became the model for the development and production of new types of bioproducts (i.e., anticancer agents, monoclonal antibodies, and industrial enzymes). The clinical impact of penicillin was large and immediate. By ushering in the widespread clinical use of antibiotics, penicillin was responsible for enabling the control of many infectious diseases that had previously burdened mankind, with subsequent impact on global population demographics. Moreover, the large cumulative public effect of the many new antibiotics and new bioproducts that were developed and commercialized on the basis of the science and technology after penicillin demonstrates that penicillin had the greatest therapeutic impact event of all times (Kardos N, Demain Al) 3. American Red Cross The American Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. Clara Barton visited Europe and heard about the Swiss-inspired Red Cross. When she returned home from her visit she campaigned for an American Red Cross and for ratification of the Geneva Convention protecting the war-injured, which the United States ratified in 1882 (American cross.org). The purpose of the American Red Cross is to aid in giving relief and to help service a medium communication between the American armed forces and their families. During World War II, the American Red Cross initiated a national blood program that obtained over 13.3 million pints of blood for the armed forces. The American Red Cross has a huge impact nation wide and with the United States. The American Red Cross responds to aiding in major disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and wars. Their response system also educates in nutrition,  accident prevention, home care for the sick, safety training, CPR/AED training, HIV/AIDS education along with emotional care and support during disasters. One of the major contributing factors of the American Red Cross is its blood program. It’s blood program supplies more than 40 percent of the blood products in the United States (American Cross, 2014). Many hospitals and health care facilities acquire their blood products from the American Red Cross to transfuse into their patients, which has saved thousands of lives. 4. CPR CPR was developed in the 1700 to save the lives of drowning victims. Over a hundred years later, in 1891, Dr. Friedrich Maass performed the first documented chest compressions on a human. In 1960, a group of resuscitation pioneers, Drs. Peter Safar, James Jude, and William Bennett Kouwenhouven, combined mouth-to-mouth breathing with chest compressions to create Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the lifesaving action we now call â€Å"CPR† (American Heart Association, 2014) CPR was once known to only be performed by people in the health care field. Today, there are more than 12 million people annually who are trained in CPR and advanced life support who certified to aid in rescuing lives. CPR has increased the survival rate of patients who are in sudden cardiac arrest. According to the American Heart Association, nearly 383,000 sudden cardiac arrests occur annually out of the hospital, and 88 percent of sudden cardiac arrests occur at home 5. MEDICARE In 1965 President Johnson signed into law the Medicare program. The Medicare program was put into place due to several Americans over 65 who were unable to obtain medical insurance. There were numerous factors leading to Americans not being able to have medical insurance. Some people were unable to pay for private insurance at the same time some employers do not offer medical insurance. According to the CMS (2013) on March 26, 1965 congressional leaders discussed the Medicare legislation plan. In this discussion it was stated that every American over the age of 65 will be guaranteed comprehensive Hospital medical protection for the rest of their life. For three dollars a month after he is 65, he also receives full coverage for medical, surgical, and other fees whether he is in or out of the hospital (p. 10). Today Medicare serves a large population for the  elderly and disabled individuals. There’s several different types of Medicare plans. There is a medical Medicare part a Medicare part B and the Medicare part C. Medicare part A and B is the original Medicare plans, Medicare advantage is part C and there’s also a prescription drug program which is part D Medicare advantage part C and part D are offered by private insurance companies. The wonderful thing about Medicare, is Medicare can be a supplement health insurance. Meaning that an individual can have a private health insurance such as Blue Cross or Blue Shield and in addition to that they can also have Medicare. For example if a patient has Blue Cross or Blue Shield that would be their primary insurance and Medicare would be their secondary insurance. Both insurances would be billed, leaving no out of pocket expenses for the patient. Our healthcare system evolves day by day. With new innovation and technology enhancements our healthcare delivery system has empowered us to provide the utmost quality of care. Form the public health system taking the preventative measures of controlling infectious disease is with the education of hand washing skills to the development of antibiotics. Penicillin paved the way for curing infections, thus improving life expectancy. Penicillin was first antibiotic to be used on a human being, and has also enabled scientists to develop and produce different types of new antibiotics. The introduction of cardio pulmonary resuscitation helps save lives every day, whether the patient be in or out of the hospital setting. With the help of the American Red Cross educating and training thousands of people to perform CPR, CPR has increased the survival rate of many people who fall victim to the sudden cardiac arrest. Not only has the American Red Cross assisted in educating people on how to perform CPR but also has saved thousands of lives with its blood program. Its blood programs supplies 40% of the United States blood products, impacting the lives of individuals who need a blood transfusion as well as their loved ones. The American Red Cross has helped in aid relief efforts for major disasters and is a crucial link between families and the Armed Forces. As a link between Armed Forces and families the American Red Cross facilitates the transportation of military men and women with the connection to their ill family member(s). As people’s life expectancy tends to increase many people who are 65 and  over utilize the need for Medicare. Medicare pays for millions of senior citizens including those who are disabled. The healthcare system is a huge umbrella, where each part functions as a whole, one cannot function without the other. References American Heart Association. (2014). CPR Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/CPRFactsandStats/CPR- Statistics_UCM_307542_Article.jsp American Red Cross. (2014). A Brief History of the American Red Cross. Retrieved from http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2013). CMS History Project Presidents’ Speeches Table of Contents pdf. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency- Information/History/Downloads/CMSPresidentsSpeeches.pdf Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health; Division of Health Care Services. (1988). The future of public health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Kardos N, Demain AL. (2011). Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes. NCBI. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964640 Kardos N, Demain AL.